APEARTD

Calcium is an essential mineral. With a pivotal role in bone growth and neuromuscular development, it is of crucial importance in the pediatric population. This article envisages highlighting the significance of calcium homeostasis in children and gives an overview of the pathological states associated with abnormal calcium levels such as hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia. Table of Contents Definition of Calcium Homeostasis Functions of Calcium Pathology of Calcium Homeostasis: Hypocalcemia Pathology of Calcium Homeostasis: Hypercalcemia Summary References Are you more of a visual learner? Check out our online video lectures and start your pediatric endocrinology course now for free! <img width="518" height="390" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAP///wAAACwAAAAAAQABAEACAkQBADs=" data-lazy-src="https://d3uigcfkiiww0g.cloudfront.net/wordpress/blog/pics-en/uploads/Troussaus_Sign_of_Latent_Tetany...

Proteins are important biomolecules because they serve a number of functions essential to metabolism. Discussed in this article are the different functions of proteins in the biological system. Specifically, the article discusses proteins and their structural functions. Another function given emphasis is the use of proteins in communication and signaling. Proteins and their role in movement and mobility are also discussed in this article. Table of Contents Protein Structural Consideration Types of proteins found in Human Body Structure of Proteins Communication and Signaling Review Questions References Are you more of a visual learner? Check out our online video lectures and start your biochemistry course now for free! <img width="624" height="498" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAP///wAAACwAAAAAAQABAEACAkQBADs=" data-lazy-src="https://d3uigcfkiiww0g.cloudfront.net/wordpress/blog/pics-en/...

In Lecturio - Proteins are important biomolecules because they serve a number of functions essential to formation, function, and regulation of body’s cells, tissues, and organs. They can act as enzymes, hormones, antibodies, structural component of the cell, and transport medium for different molecules and organs.In this article, the different functions of proteins in the biological system are highlighted. Specifically, the antibodies and their role in immune response, the use of proteins as catalysts for biological reactions and in gene regulation and transport of materials are discussed in this article. Table of Contents Antibodies Gene Expression Catalysis Transport Proteins Na+/K+ ATPase Review Questions References Are you more of a visual learner? Check out our online video lectures and start your biochemistry course now for free! <img width="624" height="332" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAA...

In Lecturio - Drug and receptor interaction is an important field of study in medicine. Knowing the chemistry behind these interactions leads to understanding how drugs work in the treatment of different ailments. In this article, the basic chemistry of receptors found in biological membranes is discussed. Also included in this article are the different types of interactions possible between the drug and receptors. Table of Contents Receptors and Ligands Response Agonism and Antagonism Types of Interaction Shape and Isomerism The Role of Water Review Questions References Are you more of a visual learner? Check out our online video lectures and start your chemistry course now for free! <img width="624" height="351" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAP///wAAACwAAAAAAQABAEACAkQBADs=" data-lazy-src="https://d3uigcfkiiww0g.cloudfront.net/wordpress/blog/pics-en/uploads/Membrane-Receptors.png...

In Lecturio - Malignant neoplasms have the ability to invade adjacent structures, spread through the lymphatic system or metastasize to distant organs by the bloodstream. In order for tumorous cells to be able to metastasize, they should first become motile and be able to migrate. This is achieved by altered cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix adhesion properties in addition to an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation process. In addition to this, angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis play an important role in metastatic disease by providing access for the tumor cells to the bloodstream and lymphatic system respectively. Table of Contents Molecular Basis of Malignant Neoplasms Metastasis Epithelial–to–Mesenchymal Transformation in Malignant Neoplasms Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis in Malignant Neoplasms Organ-specific Metastasis in Malignant Neoplasms References Are you more of a visual learner? Check out our online video lectures and start your ce...

In Lecturio - Non-invasive breast cancer can be either ductal carcinoma in situ or less commonly lobular carcinoma in situ. Ductal carcinoma in situ is of epithelial type, and there is usually no basement membrane invasiveness. Because of the lack of invasiveness, these tumors are unlikely to metastasize by the lymphatics or blood vessels. Ductal carcinoma in situ is usually diagnosed by a mammography and not by physical examination. Microcalcifications on mammography are the most common presenting feature. Local excision of the lesion is recommended to obtain histopathologic data and guide treatment. Total mastectomy or breast conservation therapy are the two options for the treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ. Are you more of a visual learner? Check out our online video lectures and start your hematology course now for free! <img width="500" height="376" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAP///wAAACwAAAAAAQABAEA...