APEARTD

Cell-mediated immunity is an integral part of our body’s immune system. This type of immunity is mediated by T-lymphocytes, also called T-cells. The functions of cell-mediated immunity are important and include defense against intracellular bacterial and viral infections. This is achieved by activating macrophages to destroy phagocytosed microbes via helper T-lymphocytes, or by directly killing infected cells via cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Table of Contents Introduction to the Cell-Mediated Immunity The T-Cell Receptor Complex Helper T-Cell Subsets: Th0, Th1, and Th2 Cells Regulatory T-Cells, Cytotoxic T-Cells, Macrophages and Intraepithelial Lymphocytes Cytokines, Interferons, Interleukins and Colony Stimulating Factors Chemokines, Tumor Necrosis Factors and Transforming Growth Factors Therapeutic Blocking of Pathological Cytokines and Therapeutic Cytokines Review Questions References Introduction to the Cell-Mediated Immunity “Cell-Mediated Immunity”

Digestion is the process of breaking down large food molecules into smaller ones. This involves the digestive system, which breaks down the nutrients obtained from food into a form that body cells can absorb and that can be used to form ATP and body tissue. Below is a concise overview of the physiology of digestion: from ingestion to the act of swallowing, to the digestive organs that are involved and to the absorption of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Table of Contents The Basic Processes of Digestion Swallowing as an Aspect of Digestion Food Processes in the Stomach The Processing of Food in the Duodenum, Plus Pancreas Secretion and Bile The Digestion of Food in the Small Intestine Phases of Digestion Food Resorption in the Small Intestine Splanchnic Circulation The Processes in the Colon Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract Review Questions References Image : “Low magnification micrograph of small intestinal mucosa. H&E stain.” by Nephron. License: