APEARTD

Headache is one of the most common symptoms in the emergency department and outpatient clinics. It can be a sign for serious illness that needs immediate action to prevent fatal consequences e.g. subarachnoid hemorrhage, meningitis and temporal arteritis. Headache also can be a sign of chronic physical and mental illnesses. Careful history taking and physical examination should be performed to any patient complaining of headache for proper diagnosis and management. Table of Contents Overview Red Flag Headaches Primary Headache Miscellaneous Diagnostic Tests References Are you more of a visual learner? Check out our online video lectures and start your neurology course now for free! <img width="624" height="624" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAP///wAAACwAAAAAAQABAEACAkQBADs=" data-lazy-src="https://d3uigcfkiiww0g.cloudfront.net/wordpress/blog/pics-en/uploads/Headache-1557872_960_720-624x6

In a healthy individual blood passes through the deep and superficial veins of the legs into the thighs and then the iliac veins to the inferior vena cava. The blood is pushed by the heart and also by skeletal muscle pumps as the leg muscles contract and relax. Retrograde motion is prevented by organic valves in the veins. As the valves weaken blood begins to pool in the legs and feet resulting in discoloration, vein engorgement, varicose veins, and edema. Table of Contents Definition of Chronic Venous Insufficiency Epidemiology of Chronic Venous Insufficiency Etiology of Chronic Venous Insufficiency Pathology and Pathophysiology of Chronic Venous Insufficiency Symptoms of Chronic Venous Insufficiency Diagnosis of Chronic Venous Insufficiency Differential Diagnoses of Chronic Venous Insufficiency Therapy of Chronic Venous Insufficiency Review Questions References Are you more of a visual learner? Check out our online video lectures and start y

Eccyesis or tubal pregnancy refers to the implantation of the blastocyst outside the uterine cavity. Thereby, affected patients suffer from acute abdominal pain. Eccyesis or tubal pregnancy can be quickly diagnosed by means of an ultrasound and laboratory analysis. In severe cases, in the case of rupture and hemorrhage, the fastest possible action is required. Surgery should be considered as a therapeutical approach. Table of Contents Definition of Ectopic Pregnancy Epidemiology of Ectopic Pregnancy Etiology of Ectopic Pregnancy Pathogenesis of Ectopic Pregnancy Clinic Diagnosis of Ectopic Pregnancy Differential Diagnosis Therapy of Ectopic Pregnancy Prognosis of Ectopic Pregnancy Review Questions References Are you more of a visual learner? Check out our online video lectures and start your obstetrics and gynecology course now for free! <img width="624" height="402" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQ

Pediatric colic is a very common symptom that occurs in infants during the first few months of life, and tends to disappear by the fourth month.  Its causes are poorly understood and there are various theories explaining it as a reaction to food allergies, parental stress, gastrointestinal immaturity, maternal smoking and other factors. This article gives an overview of the condition with its epidemiology, etiology, symptom, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, and treatment. Image : “A human male baby, crying.” by Evan-Amos – Own work. License: Public Domain Definition of Pediatric (infantile) Colic Pediatric colic is a common symptom that occurs in infants  during the first few months of life . Colic describes an infant’s behavior when they have episodes of inconsolable screaming or crying while drawing up the legs. To distinguish colic from normal crying, colic is said to be defined by the  “rule of three”: Crying for more than  three hours per day , Crying for m

Croup is a disease caused by viral infection which results in swelling inside the trachea, interferes with normal breathing and hence develops a specific barking cough. It is also known as Laryngotracheobronchitis. Table of Contents Definition Pathophysiology of Croup Epidemiology of Croup Signs and Symptoms of Croup Causes and Diagnosis of Croup Treatment of Croup Prognosis References Image :  “AP x-ray of the neck in a child with croup demonstrating the steeple sign; narrowing of the the trachea.”  by Frank Gaillard – Own work. License:  CC BY-SA 3.0 Definition Croup is a common  pediatric disease of upper respiratory tract caused by viral infection  rarely by a bacterial infection. It is represented by inflammation of the larynx and trachea that can extend to bronchi interfering with normal breathing, leading to a seal-like barking cough and an inspiratory noise termed as stridor. It is also known as laryngotracheitis or Laryngotracheobronchitis. Pa