Hemorrhoids cushions are normal structures of the lower rectum. They are very vascular and pathology develops when that vasculature becomes engorged (especially the veins). Itching and pain are common symptoms of hemorrhoid pathology. Hemorrhoids are classified on their origin relative to the dentate line: external (below the dentate line), internal (above the dentate line), and prolapsed internal hemorrhoids. Most hemorrhoids are treated with dietary modification (increase fiber) and stool softeners, but occasionally surgery is required. Table of Contents Definition of Hemorrhoids Epidemiology of Hemorrhoids Etiology of Hemorrhoids Pathology and Pathophysiology of Hemorrhoids Symptoms of Hemorrhoids Diagnosis of Hemorrhoids Differential Diagnoses of Hemorrhoids Therapy of Hemorrhoids Progression and Prognosis of Hemorrhoids Review Questions References Image : “Types of hemorrhoids” by WikipedianProlific and Mikae...
In Lecturio :) In comparison to the upper extremities, in particular, the forearm, the muscles of the lower leg and foot are so much easier to learn for the medical student. Their grouping is simple, and the muscles themselves can be very well distinguished according to their function in the foot. Besides thorough descriptions, this article provides a clear chart of all the muscles and their groups. This chart can be used as a flash card for studying. Table of Contents Dorsiflexor Muscles of the Upper Ankle Joint Plantar Flexors of the Upper Ankle Joint Pronators (or Abductors) of the Lower Ankle Joint Supinators (or Adductors) of the Lower Ankle Joint Muscles of the Dorsum of the Foot Muscles of the Sole of the Foot Muscles of the Hallux Muscles of the Little Toe Review Questions References Image : “feet” by kaetred. License: CC BY 2.0 Dorsiflexor Muscles of the Upper Ankle Joint The muscles of the anterior (extensor) compartme...
In Lecturio - Gallstones are common in the United States, especially among the Hispanic population. They are common among the fatty fertile females in their forties. The gallstones are mostly asymptomatic that do not need treatment except in certain high-risk groups. The symptomatic patients present with right upper quadrant abdominal pain and cholecystectomy is the primary treatment option in these patients. Table of Contents Background Pathophysiology of Biliary Disease Epidemiology of Gallstones Types of gallstones Clinical Presentation of Gallstones Diagnostic Workup of Gallstones Disease Treatment Options for Gallstones Complications of Gallstones Conclusion References Are you more of a visual learner? Check out our online video lectures and start your pathology course now for free! <img width="600" height="366" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAP///wAAACwAAAAAAQABAEACAkQBADs=" data-la...
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