Hemorrhoids cushions are normal structures of the lower rectum. They are very vascular and pathology develops when that vasculature becomes engorged (especially the veins). Itching and pain are common symptoms of hemorrhoid pathology. Hemorrhoids are classified on their origin relative to the dentate line: external (below the dentate line), internal (above the dentate line), and prolapsed internal hemorrhoids. Most hemorrhoids are treated with dietary modification (increase fiber) and stool softeners, but occasionally surgery is required. Table of Contents Definition of Hemorrhoids Epidemiology of Hemorrhoids Etiology of Hemorrhoids Pathology and Pathophysiology of Hemorrhoids Symptoms of Hemorrhoids Diagnosis of Hemorrhoids Differential Diagnoses of Hemorrhoids Therapy of Hemorrhoids Progression and Prognosis of Hemorrhoids Review Questions References Image : “Types of hemorrhoids” by WikipedianProlific and Mikae...
In Lecturio ;) Colorectal cancer originates from the colon and rectum in the body. It is a very common type of cancer in the United States. The molecular pathogenesis of colorectal cancer involves complex pathways. There are different types of colonic polyps associated with colorectal cancer; mostly are precancerous in nature. In this article, different pathological mechanisms, colonic polyps, symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment and prognosis of colorectal cancer will be discussed in detail. Table of Contents Definition of Colon Cancer Overview of Colon Cancer Epidemiology of Colon Cancer Pathology and Pathophysiology of Colon Cancer Colonic Polyps and Colorectal Cancer Symptoms of Colon Cancer Diagnosis and Laboratory Tests of Colon Cancer Treatment of Colon Cancer Prognosis of Colon Cancer Review Questions References Image : “Gross pathology of villous adenoma” by Ed Uthman . License: Public Domain Defi...
In Lecturio :) In comparison to the upper extremities, in particular, the forearm, the muscles of the lower leg and foot are so much easier to learn for the medical student. Their grouping is simple, and the muscles themselves can be very well distinguished according to their function in the foot. Besides thorough descriptions, this article provides a clear chart of all the muscles and their groups. This chart can be used as a flash card for studying. Table of Contents Dorsiflexor Muscles of the Upper Ankle Joint Plantar Flexors of the Upper Ankle Joint Pronators (or Abductors) of the Lower Ankle Joint Supinators (or Adductors) of the Lower Ankle Joint Muscles of the Dorsum of the Foot Muscles of the Sole of the Foot Muscles of the Hallux Muscles of the Little Toe Review Questions References Image : “feet” by kaetred. License: CC BY 2.0 Dorsiflexor Muscles of the Upper Ankle Joint The muscles of the anterior (extensor) compartme...
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