Interstitial Nephritis (Tubolainterstitial Nephritis) — Pathophysiology and Laboratory Investigations

-
Tubulointerstitial nephritis is an inflammatory condition affecting the tubules and interstitium, while sparing the glomerulus. Acute and chronic pyelonephritis, along with drug induced interstitial nephritis, is the predominant cause of tubulointerstitial nephritis. Urine examination shows characteristic eosinophiluria and WBC casts. The treatment involves the discontinuation of the offending drug, along with steroids, while treatment is mainly supportive in the chronic type. Progression to end-stage renal disease is seen in the majority of tubulointerstitial disorders.
Kidney acute interstitial nephritis
Image : “Kidney in a condition of acute interstitial nephritis” by Godart, Thomas. License: CC BY-SA 4.0

Definition of Interstitial Nephritis

Structures of the kidney
Image: “Structures of the kidney: 1.Renal pyramid 2.Interlobular artery 3.Renal artery 4.Renal vein 5.Renal hilum 6.Renal pelvis 7.Ureter 8.Minor calyx 9.Renal capsule 10.Inferior renal capsule 11.Superior renal capsule 12.Interlobar vein 13.Nephron 14.Minor calyx 15.Major calyx 16.Renal papilla and 17.Renal column” by Piotr Michał Jaworski. License: CC BY-SA 3.0

Interstitial Nephritis as Inflammation

Inflammation of the tubules and interstitium, while sparing the glomerulus, is called as tubulointerstitial nephritis.

Epidemiology of Interstitial Nephritis

Spread of Interstitial Nephritis

Tubulointerstitial nephritis contributes to 10 to 15% of all the kidney diseases in the United States. Women are at greater risk for drug induced interstitial nephritis, when compared to men.

Etiology of Interstitial Nephritis

Acute Interstitial Nephritis

Drugs
Infections
  • Bacterial (streptococcal, staphylococcal)
  • Viral (EBV, CMV)
Autoimmune Disorders
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus
  • Sjogren’s Syndrome
Acute Obstructive Disorders
  • Light chain nephropathy
  • Acute urate nephropathy

Chronic Interstitial Nephritis

  • Reflux nephropathy
  • Sickle cell disease
  • Drugs and toxins
    • Phenacetin and NSAIDs
    • Cyclosporine and tacrolimus
    • Exposure to heavy metals (lead, lithium)

    Pathophysiology of Interstitial Nephritis

    Type I and type IV hypersensitivity reactions are associated in the pathogenesis of drug induced interstitial nephritis. These drugs act as haptens and, during secretion, they covalently bind to the extracellular components of the tubule. When these haptens are immunogenic, they result in tubulointerstitial injury.
    eosinophilia
    Image: “Eosinophils in peripheral blood in a patient with eosinophilia of unknown etiology.” by Ed Uthman, MD, Houston, Texas, USA. License: CC BY 3.0
    Presence of eosinophilia, rash and increased Ig E levels indicate the presence of type I hypersensitivity reaction, while the presence of granulomatous infiltrate in some tissues indicates the presence of type IV hypersensitivity reaction. Dosage of the drugs administered is independent on the incidence of the disease. Discontinuation of the drug results in the reversal of some changes.

    Clinical Presentation and Symptoms of Interstitial Nephritis

    Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis presents as acute renal failure following the exposure to the offending drug. Nephrotic range proteinuria is seen in patients with NSAIDs induced tubulointerstitial nephritis.
    Presence of rash, eosinophilia and eosinophiluria should be investigated for the presence of the offending antibiotic, especially in hospital admitted patients for other medical conditions.
    Clinical onset is more insidious in the chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis. Clinical history includes administration of offending agents for several years. They present with predominant symptoms of tubular dysfunction (polyuria). Proximal tubule defects can present as Fanconi syndrome.

    Interstitial Nephritis with Uveitis

    uveitis
    Image: “Hypopyon – leukocytic exudate in the anterior chamber of the eye.” by EyeMD (Rakesh Ahuja, M.D.). License: CC BY-SA 2.5
    It is an autoimmune disease seen in around 5% of those affected with tubulointerstitial nephritis. Clinical features include bilateral painful uveitiswith photophobia and blurred vision. Uveitis can either precede or accompany the renal symptoms. Histopathology shows a characteristic lymphocytic infiltrate. Clinical symptoms are usually relapsing in adults and show good response to glucocorticoids.

    Diagnosis & Laboratory Investigations of Interstitial Nephritis

    Blood and Urine Examination

    Eosinophiluria is the characteristic finding in acute tubulointerstitial nephritis. Urinanalysismay show proteinuria and microscopic hematuria. The complete blood picture shows the characteristic increase in the number of eosinophils, and further blood examination shows increased blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine in the presence of renal insufficiency.

    Gross and Histopathology Findings

    Renal biopsy is the definitive test for the diagnosis of acute interstitial nephritis. Findings include:
    • Cellular infiltration with eosinophils and monocytes
    • Sparing of the glomeruli
    • Interstitial fibrosis
    Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis shows interstitial fibrosis; tubular atrophy and arteriosclerosis to varying degrees are seen.

    Radiological Investigations

    Papillary calcification with garland pattern appearance on a non-contrast CT scan is characteristically seen in analgesic nephropathy. Ultrasound and CT scan helps in the identifying the presence of chronic kidney disease, but does not help in the diagnosis of tubulointerstitial disorder.

    Treatment of Interstitial Nephritis

    Acute Interstitial Nephritis

    Withdrawal of the offending agent is the primary treatment for acute interstitial nephritis. Treatment with glucocorticoids is recommended in the absence of improvement after the withdrawal of the offending agent.

    Chronic Interstitial Nephritis

    Treatment is usually supportive and is tailored based on the etiology. Offending drugs like analgesics are to be discontinued, immunosuppressive agents like tacrolimus and cyclosporine needs to be replaced. Heavy metal poisonings, like lead, needs to be promptly identified and treated.

    Prognosis of Interstitial Nephritis

    Improvement is seen as long as the offending agent is removed from the circulation. The majority of the tubule interstitial disorders will progress to end stage renal disease (ESRD). The rate of progression to ESRD is slower when compared to other glomerular disorders.

    Review Questions

    The solutions are located below the references.
    1. A 52-year-old male is presented with fever, flank pain, polyuria and dysuria. After blood and urine tests, tubulointerstitial nephritis is diagnosed by the urologist. The patient history reveals that the patient is taking NSAIDs since 11 months. What is the primary treatment in this case?
    1. Removing the offending drug and glucocorticoid treatment
    2. Fluoroquinolone
    3. Ampicillin
    4. Cephalosporins
    5. Anti-histamines
    2. Which of the following drug is not implicated in tubulointerstitial nephritis?
    1. Diclofenac sodium
    2. Aspirin
    3. Ibuprofen
    4. Furosemide
    5. Tolterodine
    3. Which of the following is the characteristic finding in acute tubulointerstitial nephritis?
    1. Eosinophiluria
    2. Neutrepenia
    3. Uricemia
    4. Albuminuria
    5. Hyperuricemia

Comentários

Enviar um comentário

Mensagens populares deste blogue

12 Cranial Nerves — Functions and Mnemonics

-
Imagem
Crania l nerves emerge directly via the spinal cord from the bony skull because they supply cranial structures or fulfill specific functions. During medical studies, cranial nerves are an essential element of the subjects of the brain and the nervous system. In the following, you will find a concise overview of the classification, the functions and the course of the 12 cranial nerves. Table of Contents Classification of Cranial Nerves List of Cranial Nerves Cranial nerve I: Olfactory Nerve Cranial nerve II: Optic Nerve Cranial Nerve III: Oculomotor Nerve Cranial Nerve IV: Trochlear Nerve Cranial Nerve V: Trigeminal Nerve Cranial Nerve VI: Abducent Nerve Cranial Nerve VII: Facial Nerve Cranial Nerve VIII: Vestibulocochlear Nerve Cranial Nerve IX: Glossopharyngeal Nerve Cranial Nerve X: Vagus Nerve Cranial Nerve XI: Accessory Nerve Cranial Nerve XII: Hypoglossal Nerve Overview of the 12 cranial nerves Review Questions References Image : “Cranial Nerves” by Br
Ler mais

Hemorrhoids (Piles) — Symptoms and Treatment

-
Imagem
Hemorrhoids cushions are normal structures of the lower rectum.  They are very vascular and pathology develops when that vasculature becomes engorged (especially the veins). Itching and pain are common symptoms of hemorrhoid pathology. Hemorrhoids are classified on their origin relative to the dentate line: external (below the dentate line), internal (above the dentate line), and prolapsed internal hemorrhoids. Most hemorrhoids are treated with dietary modification (increase fiber) and stool softeners, but occasionally surgery is required. Table of Contents Definition of Hemorrhoids Epidemiology of Hemorrhoids Etiology of Hemorrhoids Pathology and Pathophysiology of Hemorrhoids Symptoms of Hemorrhoids Diagnosis of Hemorrhoids Differential Diagnoses of Hemorrhoids Therapy of Hemorrhoids Progression and Prognosis of Hemorrhoids Review Questions References Image : “Types of hemorrhoids” by WikipedianProlific and Mikael Häggström. License:  CC BY-SA 3.0 Definit
Ler mais