Associação Portuguesa de Enfermeiros de Anestesia, Reanimação e Terapêutica da Dor 06/06/07
Developmental Milestones: Comparison of Various Ages
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Milestones of various ages provide a predictable pattern in infants and children concerning the development of their skills in each age group. Understanding of the normal child development helps clinicians to identify any symptom of delayed child development. Early identification of the developmental delays can prevent future complications, and the child can be timely referred for therapeutic services. The aim is to promote healthy development. Developmental milestones have been established in physical, social, verbal and cognitive domains.
Height increases at a peak rate of 10 centimeters per year.
Pubic hair of adult quality.
Pubic hair does not spread to the junction of medial thigh with perineum.
Average age is 13.9 years.
Continued growth of penis in length and width.
Length of testes is 4.1 to 4.5 cm.
Axillary hair is present at 14 years of age.
Voice changes (age 14.1 years).
Appearance of teenage acne.
Tanner 5:
No increase in height after 17 years of age.
Adult pubic hair distribution (15.3 years).
Pubic hair spreads to the medial thigh.
Pubic hair does not spread to linea alba.
Mature genital size by 16.5 years of age.
Length of testes is greater than 4.5 cm.
The appearance of secondary sexual characteristics like facial hair, male physique, the disappearance of gynecomastia.
Stages of Development According to Erik Erikson
Erik Erikson has proposed an eight stages of development that each person must goes through until maturity. This concept is more based on our understanding of psychology and social skills. The following table summarizes the stages of development according to Erik Erikson:
Age
Developmental Task
Birth to 1 year
Infants usually go into a struggle to whether they should trust or mistrust others. Babies are dependent on others for their basic needs such as nourishment and warmth. The normal developmental milestone by the age of 1 year according to this classification is to trust the care-giver.
1 to 3 years
The purpose of the different developmental milestones that the child gain by the age of 3 years is to realize autonomy. Therefore, the child will learn to be either self-sufficient in most of the daily activities or the child might develop shame and doubt according to Erik Erikson.
3 to 6 years
The developmental milestones gained by the age of 6 years make the child more independent from his or her parents. Accordingly, the child might show initiative or feel guilt if he or she does not follow the parents’ rules.
7 to 11 years
This is a very important developmental milestone according to Erik Erikson. By this age, the child can be either productive and competent, or can develop an inferiority complex. If the later happens, the child might eventually become unable to be a productive member of the society. This age was called middle childhood per Erik Erikson’s classification.
Adolescence
Most of the milestones gained in adolescence serve to answer the big question “Who am I?”. Therefore, adolescents will establish their sexual, ethnic, and career identities. If an adolescent fails in this developmental milestone, he or she will fail to see their future role.
Young Adulthood
Young adults need to be either intimate with others and develop meaningful relationships or become isolated. Therefore, young adults will usually seek companionship and love.
Adulthood
Middle-aged adults are expected to be productive and to perform meaningful work. They are also expected to raise a family. Failing in this milestone would result in stagnation and being inactive.
Mature Adult
Older adults are expected to make sense of their lives and to see life as meaningful. If they fail in doing so, they will go into despair. Therefore, the normal final developmental milestone according to Erik Erikson is to achieve integrity.
Therefore, Erik Erikson’s point of view on developmental milestones is that they are tools we acquire to resolve certain conflicts that are specific to each milestone. Failing to resolve such a conflict would result in abnormal development. Erik Erikson’s classification covers all the life-span of the person and not only childhood and adolescence.
Hemorrhoids cushions are normal structures of the lower rectum. They are very vascular and pathology develops when that vasculature becomes engorged (especially the veins). Itching and pain are common symptoms of hemorrhoid pathology. Hemorrhoids are classified on their origin relative to the dentate line: external (below the dentate line), internal (above the dentate line), and prolapsed internal hemorrhoids. Most hemorrhoids are treated with dietary modification (increase fiber) and stool softeners, but occasionally surgery is required. Table of Contents Definition of Hemorrhoids Epidemiology of Hemorrhoids Etiology of Hemorrhoids Pathology and Pathophysiology of Hemorrhoids Symptoms of Hemorrhoids Diagnosis of Hemorrhoids Differential Diagnoses of Hemorrhoids Therapy of Hemorrhoids Progression and Prognosis of Hemorrhoids Review Questions References Image : “Types of hemorrhoids” by WikipedianProlific and Mikael Häggström. License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Definit
Crania l nerves emerge directly via the spinal cord from the bony skull because they supply cranial structures or fulfill specific functions. During medical studies, cranial nerves are an essential element of the subjects of the brain and the nervous system. In the following, you will find a concise overview of the classification, the functions and the course of the 12 cranial nerves. Table of Contents Classification of Cranial Nerves List of Cranial Nerves Cranial nerve I: Olfactory Nerve Cranial nerve II: Optic Nerve Cranial Nerve III: Oculomotor Nerve Cranial Nerve IV: Trochlear Nerve Cranial Nerve V: Trigeminal Nerve Cranial Nerve VI: Abducent Nerve Cranial Nerve VII: Facial Nerve Cranial Nerve VIII: Vestibulocochlear Nerve Cranial Nerve IX: Glossopharyngeal Nerve Cranial Nerve X: Vagus Nerve Cranial Nerve XI: Accessory Nerve Cranial Nerve XII: Hypoglossal Nerve Overview of the 12 cranial nerves Review Questions References Image : “Cranial Nerves” by Br
In Lecturio :) In comparison to the upper extremities, in particular, the forearm, the muscles of the lower leg and foot are so much easier to learn for the medical student. Their grouping is simple, and the muscles themselves can be very well distinguished according to their function in the foot. Besides thorough descriptions, this article provides a clear chart of all the muscles and their groups. This chart can be used as a flash card for studying. Table of Contents Dorsiflexor Muscles of the Upper Ankle Joint Plantar Flexors of the Upper Ankle Joint Pronators (or Abductors) of the Lower Ankle Joint Supinators (or Adductors) of the Lower Ankle Joint Muscles of the Dorsum of the Foot Muscles of the Sole of the Foot Muscles of the Hallux Muscles of the Little Toe Review Questions References Image : “feet” by kaetred. License: CC BY 2.0 Dorsiflexor Muscles of the Upper Ankle Joint The muscles of the anterior (extensor) compartment of the leg are respo
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