Schatzki Ring — Signs and Symptoms

-
Esophageal rings are the most common esophageal abnormality and Schatzki rings represent the majority of them. Schatzki rings occur in the lower end of the esophagus and can be classified into types A and B rings. Type A ring is a muscular ring while type B is mucosal constriction. Schatzki rings respond very well to dilation therapy.
schatzki ring
Image: “Schatzki ring” by Hellerhoff – Own work. License: CC BY-SA 3.0

Introduction

Schatzki rings are muscular or mucosal and submucosal concentric constrictions in the lower third of the esophagus. They were first reported in the 1950s but Schatzki was the first to define them accurately and to categorize them into two types, A and B.
Type A rings are muscular constrictions in the esophagus and are rarely associated with any symptoms. Type B rings are like a diaphragm and are mucosal rings without a muscular component. Type B rings usually cause intermittent dysphagia for solids.

Epidemiology of Schatzki Rings

While Schatzki rings are incidentally identified in up to 15% of patients undergoing a barium swallow test, few of them are actually symptomatic. The condition is usually not severe and dysphagia is intermittent and mainly for solids.
While race and sex do not affect the risk of Schatzki rings, the majority of patients are found to be older than 40 years of age. Hiatal hernia, eosinophilic esophagitis and gastroesophageal reflux disease are associated with an increased risk of Schatzki rings in children.

Etiology of Schatzki Rings

Gastroesophageal reflux disease is thought to be related to an increased risk of Schatzki rings due to repeated acid exposure at the lower esophagus. This correlation can be supported by the fact that patients with Schatzki rings if receive combined treatment of dilation and acid suppression are at a much lower risk of ring recurrence regardless of having gastroesophageal reflux disease.
Another study confirmed that most patients with Schatzki rings have indeed some degree of acid reflux even if they do not have the other typical symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Finally, it has been found that the risk of peptic ulcer formation in the lower esophagus can be linked to the presence of Schatzki rings.

Pathophysiology of Schatzki Rings

For Schatzki rings to form, several factors can play a role. Gastroesophageal reflux disease has been associated with an increased risk of lower esophageal rings formation. Several hypotheses exist to explain this and they include: thinner and smaller rings can limit the acid reflux and act like a protective mechanism, the rings are in fact short peptic strictures or thick rings are part of the spectrum of reflux disease.
Additionally, certain medications that are known to cause esophagitis such as bisphosphonates have been associated with an increased risk of Schatzki rings formation.

Clinical Presentation of Schatzki Rings

The majority of the patients with Schatzki rings are asymptomatic and those who are symptomatic do not have clear-cut symptoms to point towards the diagnosis.
Patients usually complain of intermittent dysphagia to solids that is not progressive. A temporal relationship between dysphagia and eating larger meals faster than usual is usually found. Patients usually describe these symptoms to be months or even years apart.
The pathophysiological relationship between Schatzki rings and gastroesophageal reflux disease means that many of these patients will have reflux-related symptoms such as heartburn and regurgitation. Physical examination is not helpful in patients with Schatzki rings.

Diagnostic Workup of Schatzki Rings

The first step in the diagnostic workup of Schatzki rings is to perform a barium esophagram. In fact, barium esophagography studies are more sensitive than endoscopy for Schatzki rings. The barium swallow test shows an indentation at the gastroesophageal junction.
schatzki ring endoscopy
Image: “Endoscopic image of Schatzki ring.” by Samir at the English language Wikipedia. License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Endoscopy can be also helpful in the diagnosis of Schatzki rings and in excluding other diagnoses such as strictures, esophagitis, ulcers or malignancy. The figure shows how a Schatzki ring looks like on an endoscopy.
If a biopsy is performed of the Schatzki rings, the ring will be found to consist of mucosa and submucosa but without a muscular component.

Management of Schatzki Rings

Patients who present with dysphagia and their barium swallow test shows a lower esophageal ring that is consistent with a Schatzki ring should undergo an endoscopy to exclude other possible diagnoses before treatment.
The best treatment for a Schatzki ring involves using a French mercury bougie or a balloon to dilate the esophagus and destroy the ring. The dilation should be strong enough to actually destroy the ring’s structure and not just stretch it.
The next step in the management of Schatzki rings is to prescribe a proton pump inhibitor and to aggressively treat gastroesophageal reflux disease. The combined regimen of acid suppression and dilation has been found to significantly lower the risk of ring’s recurrence compared to dilation alone.
Unfortunately, Schatzki rings are known to be recurrent but luckily they respond well to repeated dilation therapy. Patients usually present with recurrent dysphagia that is again for solids and not liquids.
If the patient presents with more than two recurrences, he or she might benefit from larger pneumatic balloons dilation therapy. Before attempting to redilate, other causes of dysphagia should be excluded by an endoscopy.
A more recent approach is endoscopic electrocautery. In a randomized controlled trial, it was found that  biopsy of the ring in the 4 quadrants during endoscopy can relieve dysphagia as equally as dilation. Despite having a similar efficacy, the endoscopic procedure was described as better tolerated when compared to dilation therapy.
For patients with more severe disease that is not responsive to dilation therapy or endoscopy intervention, electrosurgical incision of the ring can be attempted. This procedure was found to be more effective than dilation in delaying recurrence of dysphagia .
Finally, patients with recurrent and symptomatic Schatzki rings can undergo a complete ring excision using jumbo cold biopsy forceps and endoscopy. The procedure seems to be feasible and is considered as safe without any serious complications.
Patients, regardless of the modality of treatment, should be always advised to take acid suppression therapy such as proton pump inhibitors or H2 receptor blockers therapy. The only relevant diet modification would be to advise the patient to eat more slowly and to chew food well.

Comentários

Enviar um comentário

Mensagens populares deste blogue

Hemorrhoids (Piles) — Symptoms and Treatment

-
Imagem
Hemorrhoids cushions are normal structures of the lower rectum.  They are very vascular and pathology develops when that vasculature becomes engorged (especially the veins). Itching and pain are common symptoms of hemorrhoid pathology. Hemorrhoids are classified on their origin relative to the dentate line: external (below the dentate line), internal (above the dentate line), and prolapsed internal hemorrhoids. Most hemorrhoids are treated with dietary modification (increase fiber) and stool softeners, but occasionally surgery is required. Table of Contents Definition of Hemorrhoids Epidemiology of Hemorrhoids Etiology of Hemorrhoids Pathology and Pathophysiology of Hemorrhoids Symptoms of Hemorrhoids Diagnosis of Hemorrhoids Differential Diagnoses of Hemorrhoids Therapy of Hemorrhoids Progression and Prognosis of Hemorrhoids Review Questions References Image : “Types of hemorrhoids” by WikipedianProlific and Mikae...
Ler mais

12 Cranial Nerves — Functions and Mnemonics

-
Imagem
Crania l nerves emerge directly via the spinal cord from the bony skull because they supply cranial structures or fulfill specific functions. During medical studies, cranial nerves are an essential element of the subjects of the brain and the nervous system. In the following, you will find a concise overview of the classification, the functions and the course of the 12 cranial nerves. Table of Contents Classification of Cranial Nerves List of Cranial Nerves Cranial nerve I: Olfactory Nerve Cranial nerve II: Optic Nerve Cranial Nerve III: Oculomotor Nerve Cranial Nerve IV: Trochlear Nerve Cranial Nerve V: Trigeminal Nerve Cranial Nerve VI: Abducent Nerve Cranial Nerve VII: Facial Nerve Cranial Nerve VIII: Vestibulocochlear Nerve Cranial Nerve IX: Glossopharyngeal Nerve Cranial Nerve X: Vagus Nerve Cranial Nerve XI: Accessory Nerve Cranial Nerve XII: Hypoglossal Nerve Overview of the 12 cranial nerves Review Questions References Image : “Cranial Nerves” by Br...
Ler mais

Nerve Tissue: Brain

-
Imagem
In LECTURIO :) - Table of Contents Introduction to the Brain The Cerebrum The Cerebellum The Meninges The Spinal Cord References Image :  “Skull and brain normal human diagram”  by Patrick J. Lynch. License:  CC BY 2.5 Introduction to the Brain The brain is the central organ of the human nervous system along with the spinal cord. It is made up of: The cerebrum Diencephalon, consisting of thalamus, hypothalamus and pituitary gland The cerebellum The brainstem- consisting of midbrain, pons and medulla Image :  “Introduction to Brain Structures”  by BruceBlaus. License:  CC BY 3.0 The organ weighs about 1400 grams on average in an adult. It is housed and protected by the skull bones which include the: Parietal Frontal Occipital Ethmoid Sphenoid bone The bones of the face Image :  “Cranial sutures shown from the top of the head”  by Xxjamesxx. License:  CC BY-SA 3.0 At birth, the paired an...
Ler mais