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Hemorrhoids (Piles) — Symptoms and Treatment

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Hemorrhoids cushions are normal structures of the lower rectum.  They are very vascular and pathology develops when that vasculature becomes engorged (especially the veins). Itching and pain are common symptoms of hemorrhoid pathology. Hemorrhoids are classified on their origin relative to the dentate line: external (below the dentate line), internal (above the dentate line), and prolapsed internal hemorrhoids. Most hemorrhoids are treated with dietary modification (increase fiber) and stool softeners, but occasionally surgery is required. Table of Contents Definition of Hemorrhoids Epidemiology of Hemorrhoids Etiology of Hemorrhoids Pathology and Pathophysiology of Hemorrhoids Symptoms of Hemorrhoids Diagnosis of Hemorrhoids Differential Diagnoses of Hemorrhoids Therapy of Hemorrhoids Progression and Prognosis of Hemorrhoids Review Questions References Image : “Types of hemorrhoids” by WikipedianProlific and Mikae...
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Anatomy of the Lower Extremities – Muscles of the Lower Leg and Foot

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In Lecturio :) In comparison to the upper extremities, in particular, the forearm, the muscles of the lower leg and foot are so much easier to learn for the medical student. Their grouping is simple, and the muscles themselves can be very well distinguished according to their function in the foot. Besides thorough descriptions, this article provides a clear chart of all the muscles and their groups. This chart can be used as a flash card for studying. Table of Contents Dorsiflexor Muscles of the Upper Ankle Joint Plantar Flexors of the Upper Ankle Joint Pronators (or Abductors) of the Lower Ankle Joint Supinators (or Adductors) of the Lower Ankle Joint Muscles of the Dorsum of the Foot Muscles of the Sole of the Foot Muscles of the Hallux Muscles of the Little Toe Review Questions References Image  : “feet” by kaetred. License:  CC BY 2.0 Dorsiflexor Muscles of the Upper Ankle Joint The muscles of the  anterior (extensor) compartme...
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Hiatal Hernia (Stomach Hernia) — Diagnosis and Treatment

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In Lecturio ;) - Can you master the differences between the axial and paraesophageal hiatal hernia? How do the patients present clinically? And when is surgery indicated? This and all other relevant test content about this topic can be found in this article. Table of Contents Definition of Hiatal Hernia Pathophysiology of Hiatal Hernia Symptoms of Hiatal Hernia Diagnostics of Hiatal Hernia Therapy of Hiatal Hernia Review Questions References Image : “Large hiatal hernia in the thorax screen” by Hellerhoff. License:  CC BY-SA 3.0 Definition of Hiatal Hernia Hiatal hernia is known as diaphragmatic breakdown When a  hiatal hernia  occurs, a portion, or all of the stomach, passes from the abdominal cavity through the  hiatus of the diaphragm , intrathoracic. Classification of various forms of hiatal hernias Image : „Schematic diagram of different types of hiatus hernia. A: Normal anatomy, B: Pre-stage, C: Sliding hiatus hernia, D...
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